LexStreakRead free →
Madras High Court· 22 July 2026

Does the presumption under s.118 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 dispense with proof that the instrument was executed?

S.Ravichandran v. M/s.Sri Naga Agencies
AS(MD) No. 174 of 2019 · AS(MD) No. 174 of 2019
Coram: Justice G.R.Swaminathan · Justice K.K.Ramakrishnan
🔖 Save this judgment🔔 Follow s.64 Negotiable Instruments Act,…📬 Get today's judgments
View the original judgment PDFFree to read. To download it — or the LexStreak typeset copy with the headnote and Points of Law — create an account; downloads are part of the Pro plan.
Answer

No. Execution of the cheque cannot be presumed. What the provision permits to be presumed is the passing of consideration, the date of the document and the like, and the presumption can be raised only once due execution of the document has been proved.

Headnote

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 — s.64 — s.118 — s.139 — Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 — Order 37 — Evidence Act — s.73 — Cheque — Original consideration — Burden of proof — Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 — Cheque — Suit on the original consideration — Held: Stamping is required of a promissory note but not of a cheque, so a drawer cannot say the instrument is the contract and bars a suit on the debt; the payee may sue on the original consideration. (¶13) Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 — s.118 — Execution denied — Burden on the plaintiff — Held further: Where execution of the cheque is denied, the burden lies wholly on the plaintiff to prove it, and failure to seek an expert's opinion is fatal; the presumption arises only once due execution is proved. (¶17, ¶19) Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 — Order 37 — Execution disputed — Limitation — Held further: A summary suit does not lie where the drawer disputes execution; limitation runs three years from execution where it is admitted, and from the original cause of action where it is disputed and unproved. (¶15) Hand loan — Wherewithal questioned — Onus on the lender — Held further: Where a hand loan is denied and the lender's capacity is questioned, the onus lies on him to prove that he had the wherewithal to advance the sum. Appeal dismissed. (¶20, ¶21, ¶22)

In the Court's own words
Paragraph 19The plaintiff could not have also invoked the presumptive provision in Section 118 of the Act in his favour. Under the said provision, execution of the cheque cannot be presumed. What can be presumed is the passing of consideration, the date of the document etc., as enumerated in the provision. The presumption set out in Section 118 can be raised only if due execution of the document is proved (M.Varadharajan v. V.Balasubramanian (2015 SCC OnLine Mad 13148).
Acts & Sections
s.64 Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881s.118 Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881s.139 Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881Order 37 Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s.73 Evidence Acts.91 Evidence Acts.35 Indian Stamp Act

One judgment a day. That's the whole habit.

Read the full text of S.Ravichandran v. M/s.Sri Naga Agencies — and get the Supreme Court's output as a five-minute daily read, with plain-language headnotes and the questions each judgment settles.

Create my free account

Free forever plan · 30 seconds · data stays in India

Open the full judgment →

Also decided in this judgment
Can the payee of a cheque sue on the original debt without presenting the cheque?Where the execution of a cheque is denied, on whom does the burden lie and how is it discharged?Where a hand loan is denied, must the lender prove that he had the money to lend?
Plain-language answer prepared by the LexStreak Editorial Desk — verify against the judgment. Source: Madras High Court. Corrections