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Supreme Court of India· 02 September 2026

May artificial intelligence be used in the process of adjudication?

Vijay Ghanshyam Gadiya v. Union of India and another
2026 INSC 947 · SLP (CIVIL) NO. 15605 OF 2026
Coram: Justice Dipankar Datta · Justice Sheel Nagu
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Answer

Yes, as an assistive tool to speed up the decision-making process — this Court has released draft Regulations for Use of Artificial Intelligence in Courts, 2026 for comments. But assistance can never be substituted for adjudication: AI may well serve as training wheels, and entrusting it with the pilot's seat would be both imprudent and dangerous.

Headnote

Customs Act, 1962 — s.114 — Order-in-Original — Reliance on fake or hallucinated artificial intelligence-generated precedents — Zero tolerance — Customs Act, 1962 — s.114 — Adjudication — Fake or hallucinated AI-generated material — Held: A decision resting on fake or hallucinated artificial intelligence-generated material is no decision in the eyes of the law, and is to be set aside even if an iota of such material enters the decision-making process. (¶5) Use of artificial intelligence in adjudication — Assistive tool — Limits — Held further: Use of AI as an assistive tool cannot be denied, but assistance can never be substituted for adjudication. Order-in-Original set aside; proceedings revived. (¶6, ¶8)

In the Court's own words
Paragraph 6At this juncture, we may also add a comment on the use of Artificial Intelligence in adjudicatory processes. While this issue incidentally falls upon us to be considered, use of AI in the process of adjudication is not foreign. Quite the contrary, this Court has recently released draft Regulations for Use of Artificial Intelligence in Courts, 2026, calling for comments and suggestions. Notwithstanding that the regulations are yet to be finalised, use of AI as an assistive tool to speed up the decision-making process cannot be denied. However, a note of caution must be sounded: assistance can never be substituted for adjudication. AI may well serve as training wheels but entrusting it with the pilot’s seat would be both imprudent and dangerous.
Acts & Sections
Customs Act, 1962 s.114

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Also decided in this judgment
Can an order stand where the adjudicating authority relied on fake or hallucinated AI-generated citations?
Plain-language answer prepared by the LexStreak Editorial Desk — verify against the judgment. Source: Supreme Court of India. Corrections