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Supreme Court of India· 07 September 2026

Must land be allotted before a project proponent applies in Form 1 for environmental clearance?

M/S PUNAHCHAKRAN PRIVATE LIMITED v. INDOTECH WASTE SOLUTION & ORS
2026 INSC 956 · CIVIL APPEAL NO. 7367 OF 2024
Coram: Justice J.B. Pardiwala · Justice Manoj Misra
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Answer

No. Clause 6 of the EIA, 2006 permits a Form 1 application after the identification of prospective site(s); a credible document showing the intent of the land owners to sell the land becomes necessary only at the stage of appraisal.

Headnote

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 — s.8 — Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 — EIA, 2006 — Revised Guidelines, 2016 — Publication of guidelines — Land requirement — Terms of Reference — Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 — s.8 — Publication of guidelines — Official Gazette not a sine qua non — Held: Guidelines issued under a statutory power do not lose their mandatory character for want of publication in the Official Gazette where neither the parent statute nor the rules prescribe a mode of publication. A reasonable mode, such as the official website, is sufficient. (¶50, 54) Revised Guidelines, 2016 — Clause 7 — Relaxation of land requirement — Held further: The one-acre land requirement for a common bio-medical waste treatment facility may be relaxed only for land within municipal limits of over 25 lakh population or in a rural area, and only in consultation with the CPCB with additional control measures. (¶57, 62) EIA, 2006 — Clause 6 — Form 1 application — Land allotment not a condition precedent — Held further: An application in Form 1 may be made after the identification of prospective site(s); land allotment is not a condition precedent either for that application or for the grant of a Consent to Establish. (¶70, 89) EIA, 2006 — Terms of Reference — Effect of an environmental clearance being set aside — Held further: Setting aside an environmental clearance does not, as a mechanical rule, invalidate the Terms of Reference on which it was granted. Appeal allowed; the impugned judgment set aside. (¶95, 108, 112)

Headnote

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In the Court's own words
Paragraph 66Basically, it states that the application for prior EC must be made in the prescribed Form 1/supplementary Form 1A after the identification of prospective site(s) but before commencing any construction activity or preparing the land. It also indicates that such identification must be for the specific project or purpose for which the EC is sought and this is brought forth by the expression “to which the application relates”. Therefore, land which is identified as a prospective site for a different purpose, cannot pass the muster of Clause 6 when the EC is being sought for establishing some other project/facility.
Paragraph 70This brings us to our first take-away i.e., land allotment for the particular purpose/project is not necessary before the application under Form 1 can be made, i.e., before the first stage of screening. Identification is enough. Such a view is further substantiated by two things: (i) when the EC is inherently site-specific there arises no reason for placing such a high burden at the Form 1 stage itself, and (ii) a reading of the prescribed Form 1 enclosed as Annexure-I to the EIA, 2006, under the head ‘Basic Information’, requires the applicant to provide details of the “Location/site alternatives under consideration”, meaning thereby that the applicant is only to provide details of the site(s) in which he intends to setup the project/activity concerned.
Paragraph 73Clause 6 of the EIA, 2006 and the O.M. dated 07.10.2014 respectively clarify that legal possession by way of a sale deed, lease deed etc., may not necessarily be obtained, both before making the Form 1 application and at the stage of appraisal, respectively.
Acts & Sections
Section 8 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986Section 25 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974Section 21 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981Article 77 of the Constitution of India

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Also decided in this judgment
Does non-publication in the Official Gazette make statutory guidelines directory rather than mandatory?When may the one-acre land requirement for a bio-medical waste facility be relaxed?Does setting aside an environmental clearance automatically invalidate the Terms of Reference?
Plain-language answer prepared by the LexStreak Editorial Desk — verify against the judgment. Source: Supreme Court of India. Corrections