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Supreme Court of India· 24 July 2025

Under the CGST Act, 2017, whether, upon payment of tax and penalty by the appellant within the time stipulated in the notice under Section 129(3), the proper officer is still mandatorily required to pass a final order under Section 129(3), or whether the deeming fiction under Section 129(5) dispenses with such requirement?

M/S ASP TRADERS v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & ORS
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 9764 OF 2025 · CIVIL APPEAL NO. 9764 OF 2025
Coram: R. Mahadevan; J.B. Pardiwala
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Answer

No, the deeming fiction does not dispense with adjudication. Payment of tax and penalty under Section 129(3) to secure release of detained goods does not by itself satisfy the requirement of adjudication. Section 129(5) concludes only proceedings for prosecution; the proper officer remains statutorily bound to pass a reasoned final order, since Section 129(3) requires the officer to issue a notice "and thereafter, pass an order".

Headnote

Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 — s.129(3), s.129(5) — CGST Rules, 2017 — Rule 142(5) — Detention and release of goods in transit — Mandatory adjudication order — Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 — s.129(3), s.129(5) — Deeming fiction on payment — Adjudication remains mandatory — Held: Payment of tax and penalty under Section 129(3) to secure release of detained goods does not by itself conclude adjudication of the show cause notice. The deeming fiction in Section 129(5) concludes only proceedings for prosecution; it does not excuse the proper officer from passing a reasoned order under Section 129(3). (¶14) Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 — s.129(3) — Payment under protest — No waiver of right to object — Held further: Payment made under protest, with objections already filed, cannot be treated as a voluntary waiver or abandonment of the right to challenge the levy. Once objections are on record, adjudication by a speaking order is not optional but imperative. (¶15) CGST Rules, 2017 — Rule 142(5) — Form GST MOV-09 — Right of appeal under s.107 — Held further: The proper officer must pass a formal order in Form GST MOV-09 and upload its summary in Form GST DRC-07, since an appeal under Section 107 lies only against an order and the High Court's refusal to direct one frustrated the appellant's statutory right of appeal. The impugned order is set aside and a reasoned order is directed within one month. (¶20, 21)

In the Court's own words
Paragraph 14It is a well settled principle that every show cause notice must culminate in a final, reasoned order. While Section 129(5) of the CGST Act, 2017 provides that proceedings shall be deemed to be concluded upon payment of tax and penalty, this deeming fiction cannot be interpreted to imply that the assessee has agreed to waive or abandon the right to challenge the levy – a right that is protected by the very enactment itself. The term “conclusion” as used in Section 129(5) merely signifies that no further proceedings for prosecution will be initiated. It does not absolve the responsibility of the proper officer to pass an order concluding the proceedings. Therefore, the proper officer is duty-bound to pass a formal order in Form GST MOV-09 and upload a summary thereof in Form GST DRT 07 as mandated under Rule 142(5) and the Circular dated 13.04.2018, so as to enable the taxpayer to avail the appeal remedy as per law. 20
Paragraph 15In the present case, payment was made under protest, and objections had already been filed by the appellant. Once objections are filed, adjudication is not optional, it becomes imperative to pass a speaking order to justify the demand of tax and penalty, to safeguard the right of appeal under Section 107 of the CGST Act, 2017. The language of section 129(3) is categorical in stating that the officer “shall issue a notice… and thereafter, pass an order”. The use of the words “and thereafter” reinforces the mandatory nature of passing a reasoned order, regardless of payment, particularly where protest or dispute is raised.
Acts & Sections
s.129(3) Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017s.129(5) Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017Rule 142(5) Central Goods and Services Tax Rules, 2017s.107 Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

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Also decided in this judgment
Can payment of tax and penalty made under protest, after objections have already been filed, be treated as a voluntary waiver of the right to adjudication under Section 129(3) of the CGST Act, 2017?Must the proper officer pass a formal order in Form GST MOV-09 under the CGST Act, 2017 even where the demanded tax and penalty has already been paid?
Plain-language answer prepared by the LexStreak Editorial Desk — verify against the judgment. Source: Supreme Court of India. Corrections