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Supreme Court of India· 23 March 2026

Do concessions in fee and age granted to reserved category candidates amount to a relaxation in the standard prescribed for qualifying the written examination?

Chaya & Ors. Etc. v. The State of Maharashtra & Anr. Etc.
2026 INSC 277
Coram: Pamidighantam Sri Narasimha; Alok Aradhe
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Answer

No. Concessions granted in fee and age to candidates belonging to the reserved category merely enable their entry into the zone of consideration and cannot be treated as relaxation in the standard prescribed for qualifying the written examination. Such relaxation does not affect inter se merit, which is to be determined solely on the basis of performance in the written examination and interview.

Headnote

Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 — s.23 — NCTE Guidelines dated 11.02.2011 — Clause 9 — Teacher Eligibility Test — Relaxation in qualifying marks — Migration to open category — Reservation — NCTE Guidelines dated 11.02.2011 — Clause 9 — Relaxation in qualifying examination — level playing field, merit unaffected — Held: A relaxation in the qualifying examination merely enables entry into the zone of consideration and creates a level playing field. It is not a relaxation in the standard where inter se merit is determined solely on performance in the main examination. (¶19, 28) Recruitment Rules — Employment notification — Migration of reserved category candidate to open category — Held further: Migration of a reserved category candidate who availed a concession in the qualifying examination depends on the Recruitment Rules or employment notification. It is permissible where these permit it, or are silent and do not expressly prohibit it. (¶19) Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 — s.23 — Essential eligibility criteria — non-fulfilment bars migration — Held further: A reserved category candidate who does not fulfil the essential eligibility criteria prescribed for a selection cannot migrate to an open category. Where the NCTE guidelines themselves permit relaxation, 60% marks in TET is not an essential eligibility condition. (¶19, 31) Teachers Aptitude and Intelligence Test, 2022 — Merit list — exclusion of more meritorious reserved candidate impermissible — Held further: Appellants more meritorious than the last selected candidate under the general category cannot be excluded from consideration under that category in the absence of any express prohibition in the Recruitment Rules or notification. Impugned judgment quashed and set aside; appeals allowed. (¶32, 33)

In the Court's own words
Paragraph 13We may now advert to the decisions cited before us. In Jitendra Kumar Singh & Anr. (supra), a two-Judge Bench considered recruitment to the posts of Sub-Inspectors and Platoon Commanders in the PAC, Uttar Pradesh. Under Section 8(1) of the U.P. Public Services (Reservation for SC, ST and OBC) Act, 1994, candidates belonging to SC/ST/OBC were granted fee waiver and age relaxation of five years. The selection comprised a preliminary test, physical test, main written examination, and interview, with uniform standards for all candidates. Reserved category candidates securing higher marks than the last selected candidate were appointed against unreserved vacancies. The challenge by general category candidates-that availing any concession disqualifies a candidate from competing for unreserved vacancies-was rejected. This Court held that concessions granted in fee and age to the candidates belonging to the reserved category merely enable their entry into the zone of consideration and cannot be treated as relaxation in the standard prescribed for qualifying the written examination. It was further held that such relaxation does not affect inter se merit which is to be determined solely on the basis of performance in the written examination and interview.
Acts & Sections
s.23 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009s.23(1) Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009s.2(n) Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009Art. 16(1) Constitution of IndiaArt. 14 Constitution of Indias.8(1) U.P. Public Services (Reservation for SC, ST and OBC) Act, 1994

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Also decided in this judgment
Under the NCTE Guidelines for the Teacher Eligibility Test, can a reserved category candidate who availed relaxation in the qualifying marks in TET migrate to the open category on the strength of higher merit in the main selection examination?Under the Recruitment Rules or employment notification governing a selection, when does migration of a reserved category candidate who has availed a concession in the qualifying examination to the open category become permissible?Is a reserved category candidate who does not fulfil the essential eligibility criteria prescribed for a selection entitled to migrate to the open category?Under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 and the NCTE guidelines dated 11.02.2011, is securing 60% marks in the Teacher Eligibility Test an essential eligibility condition where the guidelines themselves permit concessions to reserved categories?Where a qualifying test carries only a limited weightage in the final merit list, does a lower score obtained under relaxed qualifying marks give a reserved category candidate any advantage in the ultimate selection?
Plain-language answer prepared by the LexStreak Editorial Desk — verify against the judgment. Source: Supreme Court of India. Corrections