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Supreme Court of India· 23 March 2026

Where a qualifying test carries only a limited weightage in the final merit list, does a lower score obtained under relaxed qualifying marks give a reserved category candidate any advantage in the ultimate selection?

Chaya & Ors. Etc. v. The State of Maharashtra & Anr. Etc.
2026 INSC 277
Coram: Pamidighantam Sri Narasimha; Alok Aradhe
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Answer

No. Where the marks of the qualifying test are applied to all candidates irrespective of the category to which he or she belongs, reserved category candidates who secured less marks in the test are given lesser marks in the recruitment process. No concession or relaxation or advantage or benefit is given in this behalf which could disturb the level-playing field.

Headnote

Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 — s.23 — NCTE Guidelines dated 11.02.2011 — Clause 9 — Teacher Eligibility Test — Relaxation in qualifying marks — Migration to open category — Reservation — NCTE Guidelines dated 11.02.2011 — Clause 9 — Relaxation in qualifying examination — level playing field, merit unaffected — Held: A relaxation in the qualifying examination merely enables entry into the zone of consideration and creates a level playing field. It is not a relaxation in the standard where inter se merit is determined solely on performance in the main examination. (¶19, 28) Recruitment Rules — Employment notification — Migration of reserved category candidate to open category — Held further: Migration of a reserved category candidate who availed a concession in the qualifying examination depends on the Recruitment Rules or employment notification. It is permissible where these permit it, or are silent and do not expressly prohibit it. (¶19) Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 — s.23 — Essential eligibility criteria — non-fulfilment bars migration — Held further: A reserved category candidate who does not fulfil the essential eligibility criteria prescribed for a selection cannot migrate to an open category. Where the NCTE guidelines themselves permit relaxation, 60% marks in TET is not an essential eligibility condition. (¶19, 31) Teachers Aptitude and Intelligence Test, 2022 — Merit list — exclusion of more meritorious reserved candidate impermissible — Held further: Appellants more meritorious than the last selected candidate under the general category cannot be excluded from consideration under that category in the absence of any express prohibition in the Recruitment Rules or notification. Impugned judgment quashed and set aside; appeals allowed. (¶32, 33)

In the Court's own words
Paragraph 14In Vikas Sankhala (supra), this Court upheld relaxation of TET qualifying marks by 10-20% for reserved categories as a valid measure of affirmative action. It was noticed that Circulars issued by the State Government dated 04.03.2002 permitted reserved category candidates to be counted against unreserved category vacancies, if in the selection they had secured more marks than the marks obtained by the last selected unreserved category candidate irrespective of the fact whether or not they had availed of special concessions. It was further held that since TET carried only 20% weightage in the final merit, lower TET scores resulted in proportionately lower weightage. Thus, a level playing field was maintained with no concession in the ultimate selection. Therefore, migration to the unreserved category was held permissible where reserved category candidates were more meritorious. Paras 80, 82 and 83 of the aforesaid decision are extracted below for the facility of reference: -
Acts & Sections
s.23 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009s.23(1) Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009s.2(n) Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009Art. 16(1) Constitution of IndiaArt. 14 Constitution of Indias.8(1) U.P. Public Services (Reservation for SC, ST and OBC) Act, 1994

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Also decided in this judgment
Under the NCTE Guidelines for the Teacher Eligibility Test, can a reserved category candidate who availed relaxation in the qualifying marks in TET migrate to the open category on the strength of higher merit in the main selection examination?Under the Recruitment Rules or employment notification governing a selection, when does migration of a reserved category candidate who has availed a concession in the qualifying examination to the open category become permissible?Is a reserved category candidate who does not fulfil the essential eligibility criteria prescribed for a selection entitled to migrate to the open category?Under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 and the NCTE guidelines dated 11.02.2011, is securing 60% marks in the Teacher Eligibility Test an essential eligibility condition where the guidelines themselves permit concessions to reserved categories?Do concessions in fee and age granted to reserved category candidates amount to a relaxation in the standard prescribed for qualifying the written examination?
Plain-language answer prepared by the LexStreak Editorial Desk — verify against the judgment. Source: Supreme Court of India. Corrections