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Supreme Court of India· 28 April 2025

Under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, is a teacher's position over the student relevant to inferring sexual intent from physical contact?

X ETC. v. RAJESH KUMAR & ORS.
2025 INSC 579
Coram: Surya Kant; Nongmeikapam Kotiswar Singh
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Answer

Yes. Where the teacher stands in a position of authority and trust, physical contact taken together with other inappropriate behavior — invasive questions about sanitary napkins, vulgar and obscene images sent to the students — gives a sufficient basis to infer sexual intent for the purpose of putting the accused to trial. Sexual intent is drawn from the whole course of conduct and the relationship in which it occurs, not from the touching viewed in isolation.

Headnote

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 — ss. 7, 8 — Sexual intent — Physical contact — Quashing of FIR — Teacher and student — Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 — s.7 — Any other act with sexual intent involving physical contact — Held: Section 7 reaches any other act with sexual intent which involves physical contact, not only touching the parts of the body it names; a teacher's position of authority and trust supports that inference. (¶4) Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 — ss. 7, 8 — Quashing of FIR — Mini trial on preliminary statements — Held further: A High Court may not hold a mini trial on preliminary statements and pre-judge sexual intent before the victims depose; impugned judgment set aside, trial to proceed. (¶3, 4)

In the Court's own words
Paragraph 4All that we wish to observe at this stage is that the High Court ought not to have ignored the fact that respondent No.1 was a teacher and the victims were his students. The preliminary statements recorded before the Police Authorities reveal that prima facie ingredients of offences under the POCSO Act, for the purpose of subjecting respondent No.1 to a trial, are made out. We are fail to understand as to how the High Court construed that Section 7 of the POCSO Act will not be attracted unless there is an act involving physical contact with sexual intent. Section 7 of the POCSO Act defines ‘sexual assailt’ to include situations where a person `with sexual intent touches the vagina, penis, anus or breast of the child or makes the child touch the vagina, penis, anus or breast of such person or any other person, or does any other act with sexual intent which involves physical contact without penetration’. The allegations that respondent No.1 would hold the hands of female students in the computer lab while using the mouse clearly falls within the ambit of `any other act with sexual intent which involves physical contact’. In the context of a teacher-student relationship, where the teacher is in a position of authority and trust, such physical contact, when accompanied by other inappropriate behavior including asking invasive questions about sanitary napkins and sending vulgar images, provides sufficient basis to infer sexual intent for the purpose of proceeding with trial. The issue has been apparently pre-judged by the High Court without even permitting the victims to enter witness box and depose about various instances, which are briefly noted in their preliminary statements.
Acts & Sections
s.7 Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012s.8 Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012s.164 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

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Also decided in this judgment
Under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, must the physical contact under Section 7 be with one of the body parts the section names?Can a High Court asked to quash an FIR under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 weigh the victims' preliminary statements and conclude that no sexual intent is made out?May an employer hold a domestic enquiry against an employee while a criminal prosecution on the same allegations is pending?
Plain-language answer prepared by the LexStreak Editorial Desk — verify against the judgment. Source: Supreme Court of India. Corrections